1. According to the Chitty hypothesis (proposed to account for the fluctuations in dramatic population density in voles), tolerant individuals are characterized by which of the following?
2. The lack of a well-developed (i.e., shearing) carnassial pair in some members of the Carnivora is associated with
a. Low dispersal rate, high rates of aggression, low reproductive rates
b. High dispersal rates, high rates of aggression, high reproductive rates
c. Low rates of dispersal, low rates of aggression, high reproductive rates
d. High rates of dispersal, low rates of aggression, high reproductive rates
a. Keel
b. Rhinarium
c. Epipubic bone
d. Zygomatic arch
5. A jointed cranium is associated
with what type of locomotion
a. a long breeding season
b. early sexual maturity
c. high rates of dispersal
d. a high mortality rate
8. In this suborder of bats, all
members exhibit echolocation
a. Chiroptera
b. Megachiroptera
c. Microchiroptera
d. Pteropodidae
9. Which cranial feature is characteristic
of the order Insectivora?
10. What form of primate locomotion is associated with a prehensile tail and reduction or absence of the pollex?a. Incomplete zygomatic arch
b. Forward facing orbits
c. Fenestrations
d. Reduction of the rostrum
11. Lagomorph crania are unique because theya. Knuckle walking
b. Bipedalism
c. Verticle clinging and leaping
d. Semibrachiation
a. Possess two sets of upper incisors, one directly behind the other
b. Have homodont teeth
c. Have hugely inflated auditory bullae
d. Lack teeth entirely, and instead possess baleen
II. Matching.
Morphological convergence is common among mammals. Each of the following convergent traits is shared by some of the members of the two taxonomic groups listed below. Match the trait/characteristic with the appropriate pair of taxonomic. Please note that not all members of the named taxonomic group need exhibit the trait, but at least some of them do groups (14 points).
a. Spines for protection against predators
b. Roughened region of stomach for crushing insects
c. Chisel-shaped, rootless incisors
d. Flippers
e. Venom
f. Prehensile tail
h. Gliding
_____ Daubentoniidae, Muridae
_____ Rodentia, Monotremata
_____ Dermoptera, Rodentia
_____ Tubulidentata, Pholidota
_____ Didelphidae, Cebidae
_____ Soricidae, Monotremata
_____ Otariidae, Phocidae
Match the structure or characteristics with the most appropriate taxonomic group from the answer set (12 points). Each answer may only be used once.
____ Most primitive living rodent
____ Once classified with insectivores and with primates
____ Fenestrated skull
____ Primate that fills ecological niche of woodpecker in Madagascar
____ Anal scent glands used for defense
____ Patagium encloses body from neck to tip of tail, including fore and hind digits
____ Extreme elongation of the hind limbs for verticle clinging and leaping
____ Extreme elongation of the forelimbs for flight
____ Well developed carnassial pair
____ Grooved incisors for delivery of venom
____ Multiple, tubular pulps in cheek teeth
____ only mammal that feeds exclusively
on blood
a. Tubulidentata
b. Chiroptera
c. Dermoptera
d. Tarsiidae
e. Lagomorpha
f. Aplodontidae
g. Felidae
h. Daubentoniidae
i. Hystricomorphs
j. Mustelidae
k. Hyaenidae
l. Dasypodidae
m. Scandentia
n. Soricidae
o. Desmodontidae
III. Short answer (5 points each).
1. Describe the ancestral (protrognath)
morphology of the zygomatic arch and masseter muscle in the order Rodentia.
How have these been modified in the sciuromorph, myomorph and hystricomorph
rodents? What is one possible purpose of moving the site of masseter muscle
attachment forward?
2. Why might the short gestation period
of marsupials limit the structural diversity of marsupial forelimbs? Describe
two specializations of the forelimbs that can be found in placental mammals
but are absent from marsupials, and give the type of locomotion associated
with each of these types of forelimb.
3. List 5 anatomical or physiological
specializations that allow Cetaceans to remain submerged for long periods
of time and describe how each of these specializations contributes to their
ability to remain submerged.
4. Describe 5 general characteristics
of primates that are associated with having an arboreal lifestyle. What
is the function or significance of each characteristic for arboreal living?
5. Why would a fetus need some sort
of protection from the mother’s immune system? How is this protection achieved
in (a) monotremes, (b) marsupials and (c) placental mammals?
6. Describe the anatomical specializations
for producing and receiving echolocation sounds that are seen in the suborder
Microchiroptera.
7. Compare and contrast the anatomy
of the carnivore families Otariidae and Phocidae. How do these differences
relate to differences in locomotion?
IV. Write and answer your own question. The point value awarded depends on the question type. If you write and correctly answer a multiple choice question, you can earn a maximum of 3 points. If you write and correctly answer a short answer question, you can earn up to 5 points. The question may not have been asked on a previous quiz or exam.